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Scientific Paper / Artículo Científico |
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https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n29.2023.05 |
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pISSN: 1390-650X / eISSN: 1390-860X |
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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RSU THERMAL POTENTIAL, FOR
THE GENERATION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY, USING HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION |
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CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL POTENCIAL TÉRMICO RSU, PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA, UTILIZANDO CARBONIZACIÓN HIDROTÉRMICA |
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Aníbal Salazar1,* |
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Received: 10-08-2022, Received after review:
15-11-2022, Accepted: 28-11-2022, Published: 01-01-2023 |
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Abstract |
Resumen |
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The zenith of oil and the greenhouse effect
are the main reasons why it is necessary to use nonconventional renewable
energy (NCRE) sources. Solid urban waste is one of these sources, and the
main objective of this research is to determine its main features, including
calorific value, as well as the use of modern hydrothermal carbonization
(HTC) and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) procedures for the generation of
energy and electrical power. For this purpose, it was used the sampling data
of urban solid waste from the metropolitan Chiclayo area. A calorimetric bomb
was employed for measuring its calorific value and
the electrical generation potential was simulated. In addition, the main
objective was fulfilled, and it was also possible to
steadily generate energy and power. This will help to avoid greenhouse gas
emissions, and thus contribute to meet the commitments signed by Peru to
reduce greenhouse gases, and follow the path to a new sustainable energy
matrix, while simultaneously providing a potential solution to the problem of
managing solid urban waste, which is the main environmental problem of the
city of Chiclayo Peru. |
El cenit del petróleo y el efecto invernadero son las razones que justifican la necesidad de utilizar energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC). Los residuos sólidos urbanos constituyen una de esas fuentes, por lo que la determinación de las principales características, incluido el poder calorífico, fue el primer objetivo de la presente investigación, así como la utilización de los modernos procedimientos de carbonización hidrotermal (CHT) y licuefacción hidrotermal (LHT), para la generación de energía y potencia eléctrica. Se trabajó con los datos de muestreo de los residuos sólidos urbanos del área de Chiclayo metropolitano. Se empleó una bomba calorimétrica para la medición del poder calorífico y la simulación numérica del potencial de generación eléctrica. Además, se obtuvo como resultado el cumplimiento del objetivo principal, y el hecho de que es posible obtener energía y potencia firme, que ayude a evitar las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, contribuyendo a los compromisos firmados con tal efecto y a seguir el camino a una nueva matriz energética sostenible; a la vez se da una posible solución al problema del manejo de residuos sólidos urbanos, principal problema ambiental de la ciudad de Chiclayo, Perú. |
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Keywords: Solid, Waste, calorific value, carbonization,
liquefaction, generation |
Palabras clave: residuos, sólidos, poder calorífico, carbonización, licuefacción, generación |
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1,* Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica Electrica, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lampayeque, Perú. Corresponding
autor ✉: asalazar@unprg.edu.pe Suggested citation: Salazar, A. “Characterization of
the RSU thermal potential, for the generation of Electric Energy, using
Hydrothermal carbonization”. Ingenius, Revista de Ciencia y
Tecnología. N.°29 (january-june). Pp. 58-65. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n29.2023.05. |
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1. Introduction At
present, in front of the oil crisis or zenith effect that predicts that
planet Earth has reached its oil production limit, humanity is increasingly
using biofuels in both traditional combustion processes and in thermochemical
processes; hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and hydrothermal liquefaction
(HTL) stand out in the latter [1]. Moreover, the increase in urban solid
wastes (USW) in Peru and worldwide can be observed in Figure1.
Figure 1. Projected
increase in the worldwide generation of urban solid wastes [2] It
should be also highlighted that biofuels are
projected as one of the main resources for “green” hydrogen production in the
northern region of Peru, because its production is seasonal. Therefore, it is
necessary to accumulate it in gaseous state for its further distribution
through gas pipeline networks, to assure the energy horizon of northern Peru
for the entire 21st century. These solid wastes (urban solid wastes, rice
husks, sugar cane bagasse, stubbles of the mechanized harvesting of sugar
cane, coffee draff, among other main types of
biomasses) have an energy use, through various procedures that may be classified
as: biochemical processes, among which fermentation and digestion (aerobic
and anaerobic in controlled reaction tanks) stand out; dry thermochemical
processes, which include simple combustion, complex combustion, gasification,
roasting and pyrolysis; and wet thermochemical processes, that are part of
this study and include gasification, liquefaction and hydrothermal
carbonization [3]. This determines that the energy coming from urban solid wastes is
increasing worldwide, as well as locally in the north of Peru, as it is shown in Figure 2. Most
of this thermal energy is used for generation of
energy and electric power, and to be sold to interconnected or isolated
systems (this constitutes one of the main ways through which the use of
distributed energy is extending). It is also used
for the production of industrial heat, heating and air conditioning. In the
19th century, solid fuels were used for machinery and manufacturing processes
[4], whereas |
liquid fuels were preferred in the 20th
century due to their easy logistic distribution and high energy
concentration; this enabled movement autonomy. However, at the end of the
past century started to become evident what was predicted
by engineer Hubbert and his logistic models of
depletion of oil worldwide reserves.
Figure 2. Global
contribution of biomass in energy production [5] Consequently, the 21st century has been
devised as the era of gaseous fuels, and it is expected that the second half
of this century will shift to the hydrogen as energy carrier, especially
“green” hydrogen, which will not be combusted, but transformed into
electricity through hydrolysis machines and fuel cells, thus avoiding the
emission of greenhouse gases and their concentration in the atmosphere, which
constitute the main causes of the atmospheric disturbances known as
greenhouse effecto [6]. Likewise,
this energy generation is classified as renewable,
according to the information depicted in Figure 3, which shows its importance
in the global energy matrix. It is also appreciated a
decrease in the importance of fossil hydrocarbons, which are in a zenith
since the discovery of new oil reserves as well as their production are
slowing down, and also the places where such hydrocarbons are being produced
are becoming more remote, such as the deep seas and the virgin forests, where
the environmental impacts are increasingly larger and thus more difficult to
remedy or mitigate. This has caused an inflationary
processes in all countries of the world, especially in those that are highly
dependent on hydrocarbon fuels, and thus it is important to increase the use
of nonconventional renewable energy sources, such as onshore and offshore
wind energy, photovoltaic energy in desert areas and in urban buildings for
distributed generation, thermal solar with thermal salts, but also urban
biomass and rural agricultural biomass, adding value to the products and
generating employment opportunities and wealth in the rural sector [7]. |
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Figure 3.
Breakdown of the energy produced by type of biofuel [8] Figure
3 shows traditional biomass fuels with large environmental impact, such as
wood, whose production implies the deforestation of dry woods in northern
Peru. Moreover,
it systematically outlines all the possibilities for leveraging existing
solid urban waste biomasses; Figure 4 shows the position occupied by
hydrothermal processes.
Figure 4. Different methods for leveraging biofuels In other words, the northern region of Peru
has a long history of biomass usage (especially sugar cane bagasse) in
combustion processes in bagasse cauldron furnaces in sugar agricultural
companies, gasification of rice husk in over a hundred of big rice mills
existing in the region, as well as in anaerobic pyrolysis prototype processes
for generating electric power and heat in industrial processes. This enables achieving costs
savings in production and mitigation |
of the
environmental impacts on the air quality in the concentration at the
receiving body as well as at the emitting points (chimneys and others), and
in turn end up with the problem of disposing the rice husk excess, which are
discharged in dumps that pollute air, the water of lake ecosystems and the
soil itself, which losses its superior agricultural properties [9]. In addition, it
should be taken into account that hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a
process that occurs in the temperature range from 200 a 300 ºC, at the
corresponding vapor pressure, with reaction times that go from two to several
hours. The main objective of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is to produce a
carbon-rich solid known as hydrochar [10]. In general, during
this process, carbohydrates are hydrolyzed and completely dissolved in the
liquid phase and then repolymerized, giving rise to
hydrochar and some subproducts
such as organic acids and water [11]. All these works were conducted under the control and supervision of the
environmental entities responsible for processing organic solid wastes in the
city of Chiclayo, with the perspective of using the residues from
agricultural activities, such as sugar cane bagasse, which has had an energy
use in the zone for more than 140 years due to the industrial sugarcane
activity. 2. Materials
and methods The lower heating value of the
USWs was determined. The equipment and instruments used to determine the calorific
value of the solid wastes sampled are described
below. Constant volume
calorimetric bomb.
It consists of a stainless-steel cylinder which is
put in an isothermal bucket with a capacity of more than two liters of water.
It also has a mixer, driven by a squirrel cage electric motor,
that evens the temperatures [12], to prevent heat from leaking to the
exterior by conduction, convection or radiation. Errors when adjusting the
jacket temperature should be avoided during the
tests, to maintain a high precision in the measurements. The bomb is sealed
by a precision machined screw cap that is closed
manually and seals automatically, to enable the pressure increase [13]. Regarding the
assembly, it will be carried out in stages in the following sequence: The bucket should
have a minimum volume of two liters, and it should be
verified that the initial temperature is 25 ºC, according to the ASTM
D240 – 09 standard. In the case of the city of metropolitan Chiclayo it is
not necessary a preliminary heating, because that
is the annual average temperature. Afterwards, the USW pellet is prepared
through a pressure compacting process in special machines manufactured by the
university; then, the calorific value is |
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calculated and the thermal wire that will be
connected to the electrical electrodes in installed. Once the bomb is closed,
it is filled with oxygen at 99% under the
appropriate supervision, due to the risks associated to the transfer; then,
it is connected to the electric source, causing the complete combustion of
the test material. A
precision thermometer, with a resolution of The
fuel mass is between 0.9 grams and 1.1 grams, at an operating pressure of 380
psi that is obtained pumping oxygen. The
data should be collected every five minutes, and after the fuel is ignited it
should be collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 115 seconds. All
pertinent safety measures should be taken, as
expressed in the corresponding IPERC matrices; such measures include the
presence of fire extinguishers, ventilation systems to prevent the
concentration of explosive gases and control of biological risks. As
a method to characterize the calorific value of the organic solid wastes of
metropolitan Chiclayo during the 2016-2020 period, it was
made a sampling to obtain 100 kg of solid wastes in the proportion
shown in Table 1, which coincides with what was determined by Rodríguez [14].
Table 1. Percentage production of solid wastes
The
second objective of this research work was to demonstrate the technical
feasibility to experimentally carbonize moist biomass, and make combustion
with mineral coal to produce energy. It should be taken into account that
hydrothermal carbonization is the process through which a material is subject
to high temperatures, immersed in a moist environment, without allowing that
boiling occurs. It has been detected that this type
of reaction enables carbonizing solid lignocellulosic
materials, but also polysaccharides dissolved in water, obtaining as products
nanostructured carbonaceous materials [15]. The
particular requirement of an aqueous medium is very useful for the
application of this method to residues that, |
precisely, have a
high content of water. In fact, without this method such residues would
require various
drying steps to be able to carbonize them in dry conditions and directly. Similarly, it should be pointed out that the
development of the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology and its
application at an industrial level, was initially possible thanks to the
scientific work conducted by Friedrich Bergius approximately one hundred
years ago, which was complemented by subsequent developments conducted by Max
Planck [16], among others; it should be indicated that it is also an
objective the design and construction of a biomass hydrothermal carbonization
plant at an industrial scale, as part of the R + D activities of the process. The
great strength and opportunity posed by the HTC process is that it occurs in
an aqueous medium, and thus the moist of the source biomass is not a problem.
Therefore, it is possible to add the calorific value of the source biomass in
a biofuel solid and, conversely, be able to generate fertilized water that may be reused in watering activities [17]. For
the ideal case of biochar production, it will be
followed the procedures carried out with various alternatives of solid wastes
processed in the city of Chiclayo, which will be plotted and used to measure
the efficiency of the hydrochar production process.
The moist biomass was weighted at the inlet of the
process, after the autoclave and runoff process, and finally after it is
passed through the furnace. The
precision scale that will be used for weighting the biomass
was cleaned; the calorific value of such biomass will be further measured. A
biomass pellet with urban solid wastes was obtained
through compaction, based on the samples collected. The
calorimetric bomb was purged with oxygen, its
electrodes were cleaned and the calibrated ignition wire was installed. The
biomass pellet was placed inside the calorimetric
bomb, and the electric electrodes were connected to the power source to
produce the spark and the corresponding combustion. The
isothermal jacket was filled with water, and the
mixer was activated to even the temperatures. The
bomb was placed in the isothermal jacket, and the
thermometer that will measure the temperature increase in the water was
connected. The
calorimetric bomb was filled with oxygen, at a
pressure of 20 bars, and the excess was eliminated. The
electrodes were electrically connected to the
corresponding combustion and periodical measurements of temperatures, which
were recorded. The
electrodes were disconnected, the oxygen remains were
purged, the electrodes were disassembled, and the calorimetric bomb was
cleaned. |
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3. Results
and discussion 3.1.
Results Four
subsamples were collected, two from Chiclayo, one from José Leonardo Ortiz
and another from La Victoria. Five calorimetric tests were
conducted per sample. Table 2 shows the arithmetic mean and standard
deviation of the results obtained for each of the tests conducted, at normal
conditions (temperature: 20 ºC, pressure: 1 atm). Table 2. Descriptive statistic of the lower heating
values- KJ/Kg
The
question here is if the composition and, hence, the calorific value of the
samples is the same. Then, it is formulated the hypothesis that the USW
populations of the different centers have the same calorific value; for this
purpose, it is considered the hypothesis µx = µy, with
five degrees of freedom (n = 5), which according to the tables and a
confidence margin of 95% determines a significance level α = 1, 8595 (equation 1).
Was
used, which yields 0.9315 < 1.8595 after substituting the values; thus,
the hypothesis is rejected. Hence, it is determined that the different USW
populations have different calorific value. Regarding
the technical feasibility of experimentally carbonizing moist biomass and
make combustion with mineral coal to produce energy, according to the results
verified in the literature it has been obtained energetically densified
biomass, specifically biochar (homogeneous black
powder), having as raw material biomass from urban solid wastes, with energy
performance above 40%. The biochar obtained has a
calorific value larger than the calorific value of the original biomass (>
15%), and a moisture of 3% after filtering. The hygroscopicity
decrease is visible (a reduction of up to 50%), which agrees with what was
stated by Peng [18]. It
should be added that the combustion tests with
mineral coal that were carried out in the laboratory, evidenced interesting
reductions of 10% and 30% in the emissions of NOx and SO2,
respectively. The results obtained are described in
Table 3. |
Table 3.
Conversion factors of moist USW by stages of the process
Average
calorific value of the material dried in the furnace: The
lower heating value (LHV) of biochar is 29,200
KJ/kg, from which the energy potential of the city of metropolitan Chiclayo may be estimated using the following equation (2). This is summarized in Table 4.
Table 4. Biochar production per zone of metropolitan Chiclayo
By
means of a Rankine thermodynamic cycle with an average efficiency of 40% (a
combustion efficiency of about 30% was obtained previously), this biochar enables to obtain the averages of usable energy
and power specified below. Energy:
16,23 Gwhr, for a plant factor 0.90 Power:
591 Mw base 1,000
Mw peal Since
this is the power delivered to the electric generation system, totally scalable, it is prioritized the delivery of power
at peak hours because they have a greater selling price both as energy and as
power, in order to maximize the income and profitability of the
entrepreneurships to be carried out. This
energy is produced with minimum emission of greenhouse gases, sulfur and
dangerous and toxic compounds, such as furans, etc., and helps to eliminate
practices that are dangerous from the environmental point of view, such as the
burning of urban solid wastes outdoors, in the current municipal dump, where
the |
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existing hills known as seven roofs save
the city of Chiclayo from environmental pollution; the purpose is to
eliminate such municipal outdoor dump existing in the Reque
pampas, in the southern area of the city of metropolitan Chiclayo. Table 5 shows the
projections in time of energy production due to biochar,
which implicitly includes the variations of vegetal growth and USW
composition in the different areas of the metropolitan Chiclayo. Table 5. Projection of biochar production at the different places of
metropolitan Chiclayo
It should be noted the continuous growth of the projection in
the Chiclayo district, the reduction in the José Leonardo Ortiz district and
the plateau in La Victoria district. These trends may be
also visualized in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Evolution
of Biochar production along time The biochar production in the carbonization process depends
on a series of factors, among which it can be mentioned
the average temperature of the drying furnace during the different drying
phases (see Figure 6). There is also an
increasing academic interest on hydrothermal processes, which is expressed in the growth in the number of works
published about the topic. It is perceived that the
interest on HTC has increased with the purpose of creating last generation
carbonaceous materials, over the purpose of producing solid biofuels [19].
Figure 6. Biochar
production from USW, as a function of the furnace temperature |
3.2. Discussion This research work enabled to
determine the importance of USW in the metropolitan city of Chiclayo, as well
as its energy potential. For this purpose, the urban solid wastes were thermally characterized through samples, and their
lower heating value was determined as well. It was also
reviewed the production of coal through the hydrothermal carbonization
process, with production ranges of 0.56 kg of biochar
for every 8 kg of USW, concentrating its calorific value from 7100 KJ/kg to
29 200 KJ/kg, preventing the emission of greenhouse gases, and furans and
other poisonous gases, as well as generating job opportunities directly and
indirectly, coinciding with what was expressed by DosSantos
[20]. Also
based on experiences in other areas [21] with similar results regarding the biochar production from USW through the hydrothermal
carbonization method, it was observed that it depends on factors such as the
furnace temperature (with variables results of increasing and decreasing
production), retention time, heating velocity, solution-biomass ratio,
working pressure, use of homogeneous or nonhomogeneous catalysts, velocity of
combustion gases, among others. Only the first criterion, i.e., the furnace
temperature, is analyzed, and it was observed that
the biochar production varies with temperature,
reaching its maximum production at temperatures of 520 °C and 600 °C [22]. It is important to
analyze the thermal efficiency of these products and analyze residual ashes,
compared to the results obtained by Trujillo [23] which
indicate that the performance of poultry biochar is
constant with respect to temperature. Last but not least
is the energy availability, which can be summarized in approximately 16.23 Gwh per working day of the solid wastes collection system
in the metropolitan area of the city of Chiclayo. 4.
Conclusions It is confirmed the need to
leverage the energy capacity of USW and other residues from agricultural produc tion for the generation of electric power, to achieve a sustainable energy
matrix and a reliable and stable Peruvian electric system. The
lower heating value of moist urban solid wastes in metropolitan Chiclayo (in
the districts of Chiclayo, Leonardo Ortiz, La Victoria, Pimentel, Pomalca, Reque, Monsefú and Eten ciudad y
Puerto) , and it is possible to produce biochar
with the assistance of a calorimetric bomb through the thermochemical process
of hydrothermal carbonization; this biochar has a
thermal and electricity generation potential of 16.23 GWh
per day and a power between 591 and 1000 MWh, and has also different uses in
the biochemical industry. The optimal temperature to achieve the highest performance in biochar production is in the range from 520 to 700 ºC,
obtaining also the entire energy potential. |
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The energy potential
is not the same for the urban solid wastes coming from different places. On the other hand,
it is recommended to continue with the analyses, now focused on the analysis
of the environmental quality of the ashes (less presence of sulfur and heavy
metals), as well as to implement the design and construction of a biomass
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