Scientific Paper / Artículo Científico

 

https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n30.2023.08

 

pISSN: 1390-650X / eISSN: 1390-860X

ADVANCES AND STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE

PERFORMANCE OF BIODIESEL IN DIESEL

ENGINE

 

AVANCES Y ESTRATEGIAS PARA MEJORAR EL

DESEMPEÑO DEL BIODIÉSEL EN MOTOR DIÉSEL

 

Héctor-Hugo Riojas-González1,*, Liborio-Jesús Bortoni-Anzures1,

Juan-Julián Martínez-Torres1, Héctor A. Ruiz2

 

Received: 19-04-2023, Received after review: 11-05-2023, Accepted: 29-05-2023, Published: 01-07-2023

 

Abstract

Resumen

The demand for diesel utilization in heavy-duty vehicles continues to increase worldwide. However, the potential use of alternative fuels such as biodiesel has disadvantages, such as lower calorific value and higher viscosity. For this reason, it is necessary to improve its properties to optimize combustion in the engine and reduce emissions. This research explores the various blends that can improve biodiesel utilization through strategies and advancements that optimize diesel engine performance. Among the various strategies to improve biodiesel, we find the mixtures of different bio-oils (vegetable oils, pyrolysis oils, and used cooking oils), blends of biodiesel with alcohol and hydrogen, the use of biodiesel as a pilot fuel, emulsions of biodiesel with water, and the application of antioxidants, nanotubes, and nanoparticles to biodiesel. It is concluded that currently, biodiesel can be used through the dual combustion technique, where it acts as a pilot fuel representing 10% or 20% of the total fuel in the engine. This strategy allows

for the promotion of other fuels (liquids and gases) in dual combustion to find the optimal blend that is the best option for the diesel engine.

La demanda de diésel en vehículos pesados se incrementa

cada año en el mundo. El posible uso de combustibles alternativos como el biodiésel tiene algunas desventajas como el menor valor calorífico y su mayor viscosidad, por esta razón se requiere mejorar sus propiedades, optimizando el comportamiento de la combustión en el motor y en la reducción de las emisiones. El objetivo del trabajo de investigación es explorar las diferentes mezclas que puedan ayudar a mejorar el uso del biodiésel a través de las estrategias y avances que se han generado con el propósito de beneficiar el desempeño del motor diésel. Entre las distintas estrategias de mejoramiento del biodiésel están las mezclas de distintos bioaceites (aceites vegetales, de pirólisis y usado de cocina), mezclas del biodiésel con alcohol, con hidrógeno, el biodiésel como combustible piloto, las emulsiones del biodiésel con agua y la aplicación del biodiésel con antioxidantes, nanotubos y nanopartículas. Se concluye que para poder usar actualmente el biodiésel se lo haría con la combustión dual, en donde este representaría el combustible piloto (10 % o 20 % del combustible total del motor). Con esta estrategia se puede impulsar a otros combustibles (líquidos y gaseosos) en la combustión dual, para que con el paso del tiempo se encuentre la mezcla óptima que sea la mejor opción para el motor diésel.

 

Keywords: Biodiesel, engines, mixtures, oils, dual combustion, emulsions

Palabras clave: biodiésel, motores, mezclas, aceites, combustión dual, emulsiones

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1,*Universidad Politécnica de Victoria, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México.

Corresponding author ✉: hriojasg@upv.edu.mx

2Grupo de Biorrefinería, Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, México.

 

Suggested citation: Riojas-González, H. H.; Bortoni-Anzures, L. J.; Martínez-Torres, J. J. and Ruiz, H. A. “Advancesand strategies to improve the performance of biodiesel in diesel engine,” Ingenius, Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología, N.◦ 30, pp. 90-105, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n30.2023.08.

  

 

1.      Introduction

 

From 2010 to 2040, the demand for the most used fuel in heavy-duty vehicles, diesel, is expected to increase by 85%, while the gasoline demand will decrease by approximately 10% [1]. As a result, the growing demand for energy in transportation focuses on diesel engines [2]. Unfortunately, the transportation sector worldwide is one of the main contributors to environmental pollution, generating 26% of greenhouse gas emissions [3]. Biofuels are considered carbon-neutral fuels, as plant crops easily absorb the CO2 they produce through photosynthesis. Among the biofuels is biodiesel, which has a lower energy content than diesel. This is due to biodiesel’s higher density, viscosity, specific fuel consumption, and NOx emissions. These are some limitations that affect biodiesel.

However, the properties of biodiesel can be improved by applying metal-based additives, oxygenated

additives, antioxidants, cetane improvers, lubricants, and cold flow property optimizers. The addition of alcohol [4]

and the blend of diesel-alcohol with biodiesel result in the formation of diesterol. In the quest to improve the properties of biodiesel, many researchers have employed various methods, such as transesterification (Figure 1), oil heating, alcohol blending, and mixing with diesel or other alternative fuels [5]. Furthermore, renewable diesel has been obtained, which, unlike biodiesel, can be derived from lipids (oil or fat) as a raw material through a hydrodeoxygenation reaction with a catalyst at high temperatures and pressure [6]. This research aims to explore different blends that enhance the use of biodiesel through strategies and advancements that optimize diesel engine performance. The most critical factor for biodiesel production is the raw material used.

 

2.      Blends with different oils

 

Several authors recommend blends of different oils (Table 1).

 

 

Figure 1. Transesterification process: (a) catalyst, (b) reactor with oil, (c) conditioning, (d) purification, (e) salts, and (f) biodiesel

   

Table1.  Evaluation of diesel engine performance using different bio-oils compared to conventional diesel

 

  

Vallinayagam et al. [14] determined that a blend of 50% Kapok Methyl Ester (KME) and 50% pine oil was optimal in terms of performance and emissions. They observed a reduction in HC, smoke, and CO.However, the BTE of the blend was lower than diesel at low loads, although it was very similar to diesel at high loads. Singh et al. [15] determined that a blend of 70% Aamla oil and 30% eucalyptus oil reduces CO, HC, and smoke emissions, while NOx is equivalent to diesel.

Kasiraman et al. [16] recommend a blend of 70% cashew shell oil and 30% camphor oil, which yields promising results, although it is still inferior to diesel. Dubey and Gupta [17] recommend a blend of 50% jatropha oil and 50% turpentine oil. This blend yielded the best results, significantly reducing NOx, CO, HC, and smoke compared to diesel, especially under fullload conditions. Sharma and Murugan [18] recommend a blend of 20% tire pyrolysis oil and 80% jatropha oil. Table 2 shows the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel.

 

Table 2. Technical properties of various biodiesel types

 

3.      Biodiesel-alcohol blend

 

Biodiesel’s high viscosity, low volatility, and poor cold flow properties negatively affect combustion quality [19]. However, these characteristics can be improved by adding alcohol [27]. Fuel blends known as diesterol (composed of diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol) have demonstrated greater efficiency, improved performance, and lower emissions. This is because ethanol, with its high calorific value and low density compared to biodiesel, compensates for its deficiencies [28].

Additionally, ethanol has low viscosity and optimal cold flow properties, so when mixed with biodiesel, it helps reduce viscosity, increase volatility, and improve cold flow properties at low temperatures [29]. Table 3 presents the blend of ethanol and biodiesel and their emissions. The high oxygen content of ethanol can further reduce PM emissions in the mix with biodiesel [20]. The high cetane number of biodiesel compensates for the low cetane number of ethanol, thereby improving

engine combustion [21].

The presence of biodiesel in the ethanol-diesel blend increases the cetane content and enhances the autoignition quality of the mixture [30]. Adding ethanol to the biodiesel-diesel blend improves overall physical

 

properties such as evaporation and droplet size of the fuel

mixture [22]. Tables 4 and 5 depict biodiesel blends with alcohols and their impact on engine performance.

 

Table 3. Emissions generation in the blend of biodiesel and ethanol

 

Table 4. Emission generation in the blend of biodiesel with alcohols

 

 

 

Table 5. Impact of bio-oil and alcohol blends on engine performance and emissions 

 

Another option for biodiesel blending is using longer-chain higher alcohols, such as butanol and pentanol. These alcohols can be blended with biodiesel at proportions of up to 20% and with diesel in diesel engines without any alterations [44]. Babu et al. [44], determined that up to 29% of butanol blended with biodiesel can be added without causing any modifications to the engine, thereby improving the properties of biodiesel and optimizing the combustion of the blends.

 

4.      Biogas and biodiesel blend

 

Biogas can be used in dual combustion as the primary fuel, with biodiesel serving as the pilot fuel. Sahoo [45] investigated the performance of dual combustion using biogas, obtaining a BTE of 16.8% and 16.1% for diesel and Jatropha biodiesel, respectively, compared to 20.9% for conventional diesel. Luijten and Kerkhof [46] analyzed synthetic biogas with a CO2 variation from 30% to 60%, using a single-cylinder naturally aspirated diesel engine fueled with Jatropha biodiesel as the pilot fuel. They reported a slight variation in the engine’s

BTE when increasing the biogas energy proportion at high loads, while a significant BTE decrease was observed at low loads. Table 6 displays the engine performance with the blend of biodiesel, alcohol, and biogas.

 

5.      Application of bio-oil with water

 

Using water-emulsified fuel in biodiesel (Figure 2) could reduce NOx and PM emissions [47]. Additionally, a decrease in smoke has been observed, but there is an increase in fuel consumption, CO, and HC emissions [48]. Fuel emulsion also reduces wear and friction, and this decrease could be related to the presence of water, which results in lower temperatures and, therefore, less combustion wear [49]. Water emulsion increases BTE (brake thermal efficiency) by improving fuel atomization

and evaporation, creating a microexplosion that forms a fine aerosol and enhances fuel vaporization. The continuous braking of water droplets in the emulsification process increases the evaporation surface area and ensures precise mixing, resulting in improved reaction and combustion efficiency [50]. Table 7 presents the results obtained in the application of biodiesel emulsions.

  

 

Table 6. Dual fuel blending with bio-oil and alcohol with biogas

 

 

Figure 1. Transesterification process: (a) catalyst, (b) reactor with oil, (c) conditioning, (d) purification, (e) salts, and (f) biodiesel

 

 

Table 7. Application of bio-oils in emulsions

  

6.      Biodiesel blend with natural gas

 

Natural gas can be used in dual-fuel combustion as the primary fuel, while biodiesel is used as the pilot fuel. Paul et al. [58] utilized pongamia pinnata methyl ester (PPME) as the pilot fuel in a dual-fuel CI engine by adding natural gas. Biodiesel showed an improvement in BTE and a reduction in BSFC. The combustion was more complete, reducing CO and HC emissions, although there was an increase in NOx emissions.

Tarabet et al. [59] determined that enriching natural gas with H2 in a dual-fuel mode, using eucalyptus biodiesel as the pilot fuel improves engine performance and reduces emissions. On the other hand, the study conducted by Ryu [60] using vegetable oil (used cooking oil) as the pilot fuel in a DI Common Rail engine with natural gas, resulted in a power loss attributed to biodiesel due to its higher kinematic viscosity compared to diesel. Senthilraja et al. [61] conducted a

study on combining seed methyl ester blends with diesel-ethanol enriched with CNG. They reported an increase in BSFC when increasing the concentration of the biodiesel-ethanol combination.

On the other hand, in the experimental studies conducted by Kalsi et al. [62], an RCCI engine was fueled with biodiesel using compressed natural gas mixed with hydrogen, resulting in significant improvements in BTE and reduction of smoke, HC, and CO.

 

7.      Biodiesel and hydrogen blend

 

Since hydrogen is a carbon-free energy carrier, all carbon-based emissions such as HC, CO, H2O, PM, and smoke decrease significantly in dual-fuel diesel engines under all loads [63]. The engine performance, as well as the engine behavior and its emissions with the blend of biodiesel and hydrogen, are presented in Tables 8 and 9, respectively.

 

Table 8. Engine performance with biodiesel and hydrogen blend

 

Table 9. Engine performance and emissions with biodiesel and hydrogen blend

 

 

8.     Biodiesel and antioxidants blend

 

Several studies have indicated that the addition of antioxidants reduces emissions. Among the phenolic antioxidants, TBHQ, BHA, and BHT are commonly used to control fuel degradation and improve biodiesel storage. These antioxidants help reduce NOx emissions but may increase smoke, CO, and HC emissions [72].

Rashedul et al. [73] analyzed the effect of the antioxidant BHT in combination with Callophyllum biodiesel and found that BHT improves fuel stability, reducing NOx emissions. Additionally, it increased braking power, achieved higher thermal efficiency (BTE), and reduced specific fuel consumption (BSFC). On the other hand, Ryu [74] conducted a comparative study of antioxidants using soybean oil biodiesel. It concluded that the effectiveness of antioxidants follows the order TBHQ > PrG > BHA > BHT > alpha-tocopherol. The study also revealed that using these antioxidants leads to a decrease in specific fuel consumption. However, commercial antioxidant additives are often expensive and produced from non-renewable materials, which has motivated the search for new low-cost alternative additives obtained from biomass or waste sources [75].

 

9.      Nanoparticles in biodiesel

 

Adding nanoparticles to biodiesel improves its thermophysical properties, such as conductivity, mass diffusivity, surface-to-volume ratio, and physicochemical properties like kinematic viscosity, flash point, and pour point, among others [76].

Table 10 presents the engine performance with the mixture of nanoparticles and biodiesel. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the potential to be used as additives in dual combustion to enhance the fuel and achieve improved results in terms of BSFC, BTE, and NOx emissions. However, the issue of the lack of stability in the CNT mixture can be addressed by applying a fuel stabilizer or surfactant [77]. Table 11 shows the engine behavior with the blend of biodiesel and CNTs.

Mirzajanzadeh et al. [78] provide a detailed explanation of the use of nanoparticles. They synthesized a soluble hybrid nanocatalyst to improve engine performance. They added a compound of cerium oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with amide groups to the blend of diesel and biodiesel. The results showed a reduction in CO, HC, NOx, and soot emissions. Additionally, an improvement in engine performance and a decrease in fuel consumption were observed. However, caution must be exercised in using cerium oxide nanoparticles due to health risks such as cytotoxicity induction, oxidative stress, and lung inflammation [79]. Therefore, their use should be controlled. Replacing metal-based nanoparticles with non-metallic nanoparticles may be necessary as they are less toxic [80].

 

 

Table 10. Analysis of nanoparticles applied in biodiesel 

 

Table 11. Engine performance and emissions with the blend of biodiesel and applied carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 

 

A new alternative consists of using organic nanoparticles, such as coconut shells, which can be mixed with biodiesel and applied in diesel engines [93].

Table 12 presents the technical characteristics of the biodiesel ratio.

 

Table 12. Technical characteristics of biodiesel with nanoparticles

 

10.  Conclusions

 

Due to the high production cost of biodiesel and some unfavorable properties, such as its low calorific value, high viscosity, and density compared to conventional diesel, it is crucial to implement strategies to increase its attractiveness. We have concluded that there are two promising alternatives for its future application. The

first one is to find an appropriate blend that justifies the commercial use of biodiesel by optimizing its properties and performance. The second option is to use biodiesel as a component in fuel blends, using a proportion of 10% to 20% relative to the total fuel in the engine. This would allow for the application and promotion of other types of biofuels, such as gaseous fuels in dual-fuel diesel engines, opening new possibilities and contributing to greater sustainability in the transportation sector.

 

 

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