Promoting circular energy metabolisms through electricity generation from landfills: case study Cuenca, Ecuador
Main Article Content
Abstract
The provision of resource and energy for the cities is the goal for the urban planning team. 50% or more of the people is living on the metropolitan area of the cities and this trend is expected to increase. Under the urban metabolism approach to cities they can be considered as an artificial ecosystem that requires materials, nutrients, water and energy. Obtaining these resources causes enormous pressure on the environment, not only by the requirements of raw material but by production of contaminants. This paper propose a new behavior of recovering resources arises, changing the urban model from a linear to a circular metabolism. One technology that meets these requirements is to use biogas from landfills to generation of electricity. Reducing purchasing of energy import to the city and emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced too. The analysis of Pichacay Landfill, located in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador, was prepared.
Keywords
References
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[3] S. Chen and B. Chen, “Network Environ Perspective for Urban Metabolism and Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Vienna, Austria,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 4498–4506, 2012.
[4] S. Pincetl, “Nature, urban development and sustainability – What new elements are needed for a more comprehensive understanding?,” Cities, vol. 29, Supple, pp. S32–S37, 2012.
[5] T. Dixon, M. Eames, J. Britnell, G. B. Watson, and M. Hunt, “Urban retrofitting: Identifying disruptive and sustaining technologies using performative and foresight techniques,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 89, pp. 131–144, 2014.
[6] C. Kennedy, J. Cuddihy, and J. Engel-Yan, “The Changing Metabolism of Cities,” J. Ind. Ecol., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 43–59, 2007.
[7] H. Weisz and J. K. Steinberger, “Reducing energy and material flows in cities,” Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 185–192, 2010.
[8] B. Assamoi and Y. Lawryshyn, “The environmental comparison of landfilling vs. incineration of MSW accounting for waste diversion,” Waste Manag., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1019–1030, 2012.
[9] R. Mambeli Barros, G. L. Tiago Filho, and T. R. da Silva, “The electric energy potential of landfill biogas in Brazil,” Energy Policy, vol. 65, pp. 150–164, 2014.
[10] D. Gewald, K. Siokos, S. Karellas, and H. Spliethoff, “Waste heat recovery from a landfill gas-fired power plant,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1779–1789, 2012.
[11] W. R. W. A. Leduc and R. Rovers, “Urban tissue: The representation of the urban energy potential,” PLEA 2008 - Towar. Zero Energy Build. 25th PLEA Int. Conf. Passiv. Low Energy Archit. Conf. Proc., 2008.
[12] P. S. Grewal and P. S. Grewal, “Can cities become self-reliant in energy? A technological scenario analysis for Cleveland, Ohio,” Cities, vol. 31, pp. 404–411, 2013.
[13] Q. Aguilar-Virgen, P. Taboada-González, and S. Ojeda-Benítez, “Analysis of the feasibility of the recovery of landfill gas: a case study of Mexico,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 79, pp. 53–60, 2014.
[14] S.-L. Huang and C.-W. Chen, “Theory of urban energetics and mechanisms of urban development,” Ecol. Modell., vol. 189, no. 1–2, pp. 49–71, 2005.
[15] P. H. Brunner, “Reshaping Urban Metabolism,” J. Ind. Ecol., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 11–13, 2007.
[16] C. M. Agudelo-Vera, W. R. W. A. Leduc, A. R. Mels, and H. H. M. Rijnaarts, “Harvesting urban resources towards more resilient cities,” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., vol. 64, pp. 3–12, 2012.
[17] E. Barragán and J. Terrados, “Sustainable Cities?: An analysis of the contribution made by renewable energy under the umbrella of urban metabolism,” Int. J. Sustain. Dev. Plan., vol. In press, 2016.
[18] EMAC, “Estudio de Prefactibilidad del Potencial del Biogás?: Relleno Pichacay,” 2007.
[19] G. Xydis, E. Nanaki, and C. Koroneos, “Exergy analysis of biogas production from a municipal solid waste landfill,” Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, vol. 4, pp. 20–28, 2013.
[20] F. Caresana, G. Comodi, L. Pelagalli, P. Pierpaoli, and S. Vagni, “Energy production from landfill biogas: An italian case,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 4331–4339, 2011.
[21] J. L. Espinoza and E. A. Barragán, “Renewable Energy Policy and Legitimacy?: a Developing Country Case,” no. 11, 2013.
[22] E. Barragán and J. L. Espinoza, “Políticas para la promoción de las energías renovables en el Ecuador. En: ‘Energías renovables en el Ecuador. Situación actual, tendencias y perspectivas,’” M. R. Peláez Samaniego and J. L. y Espinoza Abad, Eds. Cuenca, Ecuador: Universidad de Cuenca, Gráficas Hernández, 2015.
[23] A. Nahman, “Pricing landfill externalities: Emissions and disamenity costs in Cape Town, South Africa,” Waste Manag., vol. 31, no. 9–10, pp. 2046–2056, 2011.
[24] MEER, “Políticas y estrategias para el cambio de la matriz energética del Ecuador,” 2014.