Spain and artificial intelligence: installed capacities, challenges, and opportunities
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Abstract
This research analyzes the current state and future prospects of the installed capacities for the development of artificial intelligence (AI) in Spain. The study is justified by the growing strategic importance of AI as a driver of digital, economic, and social transformation, as well as by the scarcity of empirical analyses that address its specific evolution in the Spanish context. The main objective is to assess Spain’s situation by adapting the Latin American Artificial Intelligence Index (ILIA), comparing its results with those of Chile and the Latin American average, which allows for the identification of strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. The methodology combines the analysis of secondary data with qualitative primary data obtained through in-depth interviews with eight experts from the academic, public, business, and civil society sectors. The main findings of the index show that Spain significantly outperforms Latin American countries in enabling factors, R&D&I, and governance. However, weaknesses were identified in territorial coordination, citizen participation, and risk regulation. The interviews confirm an optimistic view of the future of AI in Spain, highlighting key sectors such as healthcare, education, industry, and human talent development. It is concluded that Spain has the potential to position itself as a regional and international benchmark, provided that it strengthens its institutional capacities, promotes public-private cooperation, and ensures ethical development aligned with human rights.
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