Contact patches of radial tires with different length-to-width ratiosunder static loads

Article Sidebar

PDF (Spanish) HTML (Spanish) EPUB (Spanish) PDF HTML
Published: Mar 12, 2025
Updated: 2025-03-12
Versions:
2025-03-12 (2)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n33.2025.05
Keywords:
Aspect ratio, Contact patches, Contact stress, Radial tires

Main Article Content

Fengliang Qiao
Hua Yu Automotive Systems Co., LTD
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0854-7585
Zhaojie Shen
Harbin Institute of Technology
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9490-8487
Yuxia Kang
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery CO.,LTD
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7418-6294

Abstract

The aspect ratio of tires significantly influences the tread contact patch, which is closely related to the vehicle's driving performance and handling. This study investigates the effect of radial tires with varying aspect ratios on contact patches under different loads and inflation pressures. The size and shape of the contact patches, along with the pressure distribution in tires with different aspect ratios, were analyzed. Five finite element tire models with aspect ratios of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, and 75% were developed. The simulation models of 205/55R16 were validated against experimental results. The findings reveal that as the aspect ratio increases, the contact length along the tire's axial direction decreases, while the contact width along the rolling direction increases. Minimal differences in contact area were observed among tires with different aspect ratios under the same static load. For a given load, as the length-to-width ratio increases, the tread width of the contact patch decreases, while its length increases. Additionally, with an increasing length-to-width ratio, the contact patch shape transitions from a saddle to a barrel-like form. The maximum normal contact stress occurs at the shoulder of the tire for aspect ratios of 55%, 60%, and 65%, but shifts to the center of the tread for aspect ratios of 70% and 75%. The primary influence of the aspect ratio is on the contact size.

Article Details

Issue
No. 33 (2025): january-june
Section
Scientific Paper
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

The Universidad Politécnica Salesiana of Ecuador preserves the copyrights of the published works and will favor the reuse of the works. The works are published in the electronic edition of the journal under a Creative Commons Attribution/Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 Ecuador license: they can be copied, used, disseminated, transmitted and publicly displayed.

The undersigned author partially transfers the copyrights of this work to the Universidad Politécnica Salesiana of Ecuador for printed editions.

It is also stated that they have respected the ethical principles of research and are free from any conflict of interest. The author(s) certify that this work has not been published, nor is it under consideration for publication in any other journal or editorial work.

The author (s) are responsible for their content and have contributed to the conception, design and completion of the work, analysis and interpretation of data, and to have participated in the writing of the text and its revisions, as well as in the approval of the version which is finally referred to as an attachment.

References

M. Abe, Vehicle Handling Dynamics (Second Edition, second edition ed., M. Abe, Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100390-9.01001-0

Y. Suo, W. Yang, D. Lu, Y. Zhang, and M. Che, “Analysis of camber-caused asymmetric characteristics using finite element method and pure camber semi-empirical modeling,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, p.09544070241272802, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070241272802

F. B. Luigi Romano and B. Jacobson, “An extended lugre-brush tyre model for large camber angles and turning speeds,” Vehicle System Dynamics, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 1674–1706, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2022.2086887

Z. Shi, Y. M. Mohammed, N. Uddin, and G. Chen, “A vehicle-bridge interaction model considering contact patch size and vehicle self-generated excitation – a theoretical study,” Engineering Structures, vol. 298, p. 117079, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.117079

C. Suvanjumrat and J. Phromjan, “The contact patch characterization of various solid tire testing methods by finite element analysis and experiment,” International Journal of Geomate, vol. 19, no. 76, pp. 25–32, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.76.9134

N. Ryzí, R. StoÄ ek, J. Maloch, and M. StÄ›niÄ ka, “How does heat generation affect the cut and chip wear of rubber?” Polymer Bulletin, vol. 81, no. 18, pp. 17 213–17 232, Dec 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05498-1

Y. Nakajima and S. Hidano, “Theoretical tire model considering two-dimensional contact patch for force and moment,” Tire Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 27–60, 07 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.21.20005

J. Prakash, M. Vignati, and E. Sabbioni, “An exponential decay model for decaying of contact patch friction steering moment with rolling speed,” Tire Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 34–50, 03 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.23.21017

J. Bastiaan, A. Chawan, W. Eum, K. Alipour, F. Rouhollahi, M. Behroozi, and J. Baqersad, “Intelligent tire prototype in longitudinal slip operating conditions,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 9, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092681

J. M. Conradie, P. S. Els, and P. S. Heyns, “Finite element modelling of off-road tyres for radial tyre model parameterization,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 230, no. 4, pp. 564–578, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407015590018

M. Zhang, H.-J. Unrau, M. Gießler, and F. Gauterin, “A detailed tire tread friction model considering dynamic friction states,” Tribology International, vol. 193, p. 109342, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2024.109342

Z. Liu, F. Wang, Z. Cai, Y. Wei, and S. Marburg, “A novel theoretical model of tire in-plane dynamics on uneven roads and its experimental validation,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 186, p. 109854, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2022.109854

P. Millan and J. Ambrósio, “Tire–road contact modelling for multibody simulations with regularised road and enhanced ua tire models,” Multibody System Dynamics, Apr 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11044-024-09987-z

Guo, Konghui, Chen, Ping, Xu, Nan, Yang, Chao, and Li, Fei, “Tire side force characteristics with the coupling effect of vertical load and inflation pressure,” SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19–30, nov 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.4271/10-03-01-0002

P. Riehm, H.-J. Unrau, F. Gauterin, S. Torbrügge, and B. Wies, “3d brush model to predict longitudinal tyre characteristics,” Vehicle System Dynamics, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 17–43, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2018.1447135

F. Alobaid and S. Taheri, “The modified in-plane rigid-elastic-coupled tire modal model: dynamic response to short wavelength road profiles,” Vehicle System Dynamics, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 3076–3097, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2024.2316683

H. Fathi, Z. El-Sayegh, and M. H. R. Ghoreishy, “Prediction of rolling resistance and wheel force for a passenger car tire: A comparative study on the use of different material models and numerical approaches,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, p. 09544070241244556, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070241244556

X. Gao, Y. Wang, W. Fan, Z. Long, X. Li, X. Yue, Y. Liu, Y. Yan, and J. Wang, “Modeling and experimental verification of torsional deformation constitutive model of tread rubber based on digital image correlation,” Experimental Techniques, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 749–765, Aug 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-022-00583-4

S. K. Pradhan, A. S. Rathore, S. Sehgal, P. Sonia, G. Ramu, and C. Prakash, “Development and validation of test rig for experimental analysis of contact behavior between rail wheel-rail and rubber tire-rail in road cum rail vehicles,” Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences (IJEMS), vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 84–92, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.56042/ijems.v31i1.986

J. Guan, X. Zhou, L. Liu, M. Ran, and Y. Yan, “Investigation of tri-axial stress sensing and measuring technology for tire-pavement contact surface,” Coatings, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040491

T. Saisaengtham, J. Phromjan, R. Rugsaj, S. Phakdee, and C. Suvanjumrat, “Pavement-tire contact patch effects on air volume using finite element method,” International Journal of Geomate, vol. 26, no. 113, pp. 50–57, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.21660/2024.113.g13179

C. Liang, D. Zhu, G. Wang, and M. Shan, “Experimental study on tire-road dynamic contact pressure distribution using ftir imaging,” International Journal of Automotive Technology, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1305–1317, Oct 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-021-0114-3

N. Xu, H. Askari, Y. Huang, J. Zhou, and A. Khajepour, “Tire force estimation in intelligent tires using machine learning,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 3565–3574, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.3038155

N. Xu, J. Zhou, B. H. G. Barbosa, H. Askari, and A. Khajepour, “A soft sensor for estimating tire cornering properties for intelligent tires,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 6056–6066, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2023.3281474

P. Tomaraee, A. Mardani, A. Mohebbi, and H. Taghavifar, “Relationships among the contact patch length and width, the tire deflection and the rolling resistance of a free-running wheel in a soil bin facility,” Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 13, no. 2, p. e0211, May 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015132-5245

A. Swami, C. Liu, J. Kubenz, G. Prokop, and A. K. Pandey, “Experimental study on tire contact patch characteristics for vehicle handling with enhanced optical measuring system,” SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics Stability and NVH, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 333–350, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.4271/10-05-03-0023

Y. Xie and Q. Yang, “Tyre–pavement contact stress distribution considering tyre types,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1899–1911, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1473285

Y. Wang, Y. Lu, and C. Si, “Tirepavement coupling dynamic simulation under tire high-speed-rolling condition,” International Journal of Simulation Modelling, vol. 15, pp. 236–248, 06 2016. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2507/IJSIMM15(2)4.332

Y. Oubahdou, E.-R. Wallace, P. Reynaud, B. Picoux, J. Dopeux, C. Petit, and D. Nélias, “Effect of the tire – pavement contact at the surface layer when the tire is tilted in bend,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 305, p. 124765, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124765

J. A. Hernandez and I. L. Al-Qadi, “Tire–pavement interaction modelling: hyperelastic tire and elastic pavement,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1067–1083, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1206485

X. Liu and I. L. Al-Qadi, “Three-dimensional tire-pavement contact stresses prediction by deep learning approach,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 23, no. 14, pp. 4991–5002, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1990288

J. Ye, Z. Zhang, J. Jin, R. Su, and B. Huang, “Estimation of tire-road friction coefficient with adaptive tire stiffness based on rcsckf,” Nonlinear Dynamics, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 945–960, Jan 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-023-09088-0

Sun, Lihong, Lu, Dang, and Li, Bing, “Analysis and prediction of tire traction properties for different inflation pressures based on vertical deflection control method,” SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 307–315, apr 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.4271/10-05-03-0021

Z. Gong, Y. Miao, W. Li, W. Yu, and L. Wang, “Analysis of tyre-pavement contact behaviour of heavy truck in full-scale test,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 2235630, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2023.2235630

B. Zheng, J. Chen, R. Zhao, J. Tang, R. Tian, S. Zhu, and X. Huang, “Analysis of contact behaviour on patterned tire-asphalt pavement with 3-d fem contact model,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 171–186, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1736294

S. T. Pooya Behroozinia and R. Mirzaeifar, “An investigation of intelligent tires using multiscale modeling of cord-rubber composites,” Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 168–183, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2017.1321488

I. L. A.-Q. Hao Wang and I. Stanciulescu, “Simulation of tyre–pavement interaction for predicting contact stresses at static and various rolling conditions,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 310–321, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.565767

T. Gu, B. Li, Z. Quan, S. Bei, G. Yin, J. Guo, X. Zhou, and X. Han, “The vertical force estimation algorithm based on smart tire technology,” World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 13, no. 6, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13060104

P. Rosca, M. L. Marmureanu, T. V. Tiganescu, C. M. Pîrvulescu, I. M. Bîndac, and C. Doru, “Determination of tyre-ground interaction parameters through image processing in matlab,” International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 630–649, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHVS.2021.120913

H. B. Huang, X. D. Yu, J. P. Liu, and Z. Yao, “Asymmetry investigation on radial tire contact pressure distribution,” Chinese Journal of System Simulation, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 2991–2998, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.201808021

T. Doi and K. Ikeda, “Effect of tire tread pattern on groove wander of motorcycles,” Tire Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 147–153, 07 1985. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.2346/1.2150992

C. Wang, H. Huang, X. Chen, and J. Liu, “The influence of the contact features on the tyre wear in steady-state conditions,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 231, no. 10, pp. 1326–1339, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407016671462